交流电(dian)动(dong)机是生产中最常见(jian)、最基(ji)本的动(dong)力源装(zhuang)置(zhi)。本文(wen)主要探讨对三项(xiang)交流电(dian)动(dong)机易发故障的处理。

一、三相交流电动机概述

　电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)也称(cheng)(cheng)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)（俗称(cheng)(cheng)马达(da)）。它的(de)(de)主要作用是产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)驱动(dong)力矩，作为(wei)用电(dian)(dian)器(qi)或小型机(ji)(ji)(ji)械的(de)(de)动(dong)力源(yuan)。实际中交流电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)用得较多(duo)，交流电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)单相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)异(yi)步电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)结构与单相(xiang)(xiang)异(yi)步电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)似，其定子铁心(xin)槽中嵌装三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)绕(rao)组(zu)（有单层(ceng)链式(shi)(shi)(shi)、单层(ceng)同心(xin)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)单层(ceng)交叉式(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)种结构）。定子绕(rao)组(zu)成接入三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后，绕(rao)组(zu)电(dian)(dian)流产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)旋转(zhuan)磁场，在(zai)转(zhuan)子导(dao)体中产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)应电(dian)(dian)流，转(zhuan)子在(zai)感(gan)应电(dian)(dian)流和(he)(he)气隙旋转(zhuan)磁场的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)互作用下，又(you)产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)电(dian)(dian)磁转(zhuan)柜(ju)（即异(yi)步转(zhuan)柜(ju)），使(shi)电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)旋转(zhuan)。

二、三相交流电动机易发故障原因分析

1、机械性(xing)故障原因分(fen)析

　机(ji)(ji)械(xie)性故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)现象有(you)：电(dian)动(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)温升、振(zhen)动(dong)(dong)情(qing)况、电(dian)动(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)声(sheng)响等(deng)。发(fa)生(sheng)振(zhen)动(dong)(dong)过(guo)大(da)的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)般原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)：安(an)装(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)础不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)或(huo)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)稳；转(zhuan)子导条断裂，使负载电(dian)流时大(da)时小地(di)振(zhen)荡；联轴器装(zhuang)(zhuang)配不(bu)(bu)(bu)正或(huo)有(you)松(song)(song)(song)动(dong)(dong)；被驱动(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)械(xie)失去动(dong)(dong)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)；定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子绕(rao)组有(you)局部故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，旋转(zhuan)磁场不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)而引起振(zhen)动(dong)(dong)；由于磨损，轴承间(jian)隙过(guo)大(da)；铁心(xin)变形(xing)或(huo)松(song)(song)(song)动(dong)(dong)；风扇不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)等(deng)。或(huo)者电(dian)动(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)安(an)装(zhuang)(zhuang)地(di)基(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)，安(an)装(zhuang)(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)位，紧固(gu)件松(song)(song)(song)动(dong)(dong)造成的(de)(de)。振(zhen)动(dong)(dong)会产(chan)生(sheng)噪声(sheng)，还会产(chan)生(sheng)额外负荷。发(fa)生(sheng)噪声(sheng)异常的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，可能的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)：定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、转(zhuan)子相(xiang)擦会产(chan)生(sheng)刺耳的(de)(de)“嚓嚓”碰擦声(sheng)，电(dian)机(ji)(ji)缺(que)相(xiang)运行下(xia)吼声(sheng)特别大(da)，如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)(bu)能起动(dong)(dong)，则可能有(you)一(yi)相(xiang)断路；轴承严重缺(que)油时，会从轴承室(shi)能听到(dao)(dao)“咝(si)咝(si)”声(sheng)；风叶碰壳或(huo)有(you)杂物，会发(fa)出(chu)撞击声(sheng)；转(zhuan)子导条断裂，发(fa)生(sheng)时高时低的(de)(de)“嗡嗡”声(sheng)，转(zhuan)速变慢，电(dian)流增大(da)；若定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子绕(rao)组首(shou)末端接线错误(wu)，有(you)低沉的(de)(de)吼声(sheng)，转(zhuan)速也下(xia)降；定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子、转(zhuan)子铁心(xin)松(song)(song)(song)动(dong)(dong)也产(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)噪音。

2、绕(rao)组短(duan)路(lu)故障原因分析

　绕(rao)组中相(xiang)(xiang)邻(lin)两条(tiao)导线(xian)之间的绝(jue)缘(yuan)损坏(huai)(huai)后，使两导体(ti)相(xiang)(xiang)碰，就称为绕(rao)组短路，会引(yin)起(qi)某一相(xiang)(xiang)或两相(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)流增(zeng)加(jia)，引(yin)起(qi)局(ju)部发热，使绝(jue)缘(yuan)老化损坏(huai)(huai)电(dian)动机。故障的原因(yin)(yin)表(biao)现：修理电(dian)动机时由于(yu)粗心大意把(ba)漆包线(xian)的外层绝(jue)缘(yuan)损坏(huai)(huai)或在(zai)接线(xian)时由于(yu)烙铁温度高，焊接时间长(zhang)使焊接引(yin)线(xian)绝(jue)缘(yuan)损坏(huai)(huai)；长(zhang)期停(ting)用(yong)的电(dian)动机因(yin)(yin)绝(jue)缘(yuan)受(shou)潮没有经过烘(hong)干处(chu)理就投入(ru)运行，受(shou)潮绝(jue)缘(yuan)因(yin)(yin)经过电(dian)压而击穿；双层绕(rao)组槽内因(yin)(yin)

相间绝缘没(mei)有垫好，发生(sheng)击穿而损(sun)坏；绕(rao)组(zu)端(duan)部(bu)太(tai)长，碰触端(duan)盖或绝缘纸(zhi)没(mei)有垫好；定(ding)子(zi)绕(rao)组(zu)线(xian)圈组(zu)之间的连接线(xian)、引(yin)出绝缘或由于在进行线(xian)圈组(zu)之间接线(xian)时粗心大意，造成一个或多(duo)个线(xian)圈组(zu)自行短路(lu)。

3、绕(rao)组断路(lu)故障(zhang)原因分析

　　绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)断(duan)(duan)(duan)路是(shi)指电(dian)动机(ji)的(de)定子(zi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)转子(zi)绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)碰(peng)(peng)断(duan)(duan)(duan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)烧(shao)断(duan)(duan)(duan)造(zao)成的(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。定子(zi)绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)断(duan)(duan)(duan)部，各绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)元件(jian)的(de)接(jie)头处(chu)及引出线(xian)(xian)附(fu)近(jin)。这(zhei)些部位都(dou)露(lu)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)动机(ji)座壳外面导线(xian)(xian)容易碰(peng)(peng)断(duan)(duan)(duan)，接(jie)头处(chu)也(ye)会因焊接(jie)不(bu)实长期使用(yong)后松脱。由(you)于焊接(jie)不(bu)良(liang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)使用(yong)腐蚀性焊剂，焊接(jie)后又未消除干(gan)净，就可(ke)造(zao)成虚焊或(huo)(huo)(huo)脱落。受机(ji)械(xie)应力、碰(peng)(peng)撞时线(xian)(xian)圈断(duan)(duan)(duan)路、短路与接(jie)地(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，也(ye)可(ke)引起(qi)导线(xian)(xian)烧(shao)毁，在(zai)(zai)并绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)的(de)几根(gen)导线(xian)(xian)中有一根(gen)或(huo)(huo)(huo)几根(gen)导线(xian)(xian)由(you)于电(dian)流的(de)增加而(er)使温(wen)度上升，引起(qi)绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)发热而(er)断(duan)(duan)(duan)路。故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)产生原因：在(zai)(zai)检(jian)修和(he)维护保养时碰(peng)(peng)断(duan)(duan)(duan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)制(zhi)造(zao)质(zhi)量问(wen)题(ti)；受机(ji)械(xie)力和(he)电(dian)磁(ci)力使绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)损伤或(huo)(huo)(huo)拉(la)断(duan)(duan)(duan)；绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)匝间(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)相间(jian)短路绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)接(jie)地(di)造(zao)成绕(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)严(yan)重烧(shao)焦而(er)熔断(duan)(duan)(duan)等(deng)。

4、绕(rao)组接(jie)地(di)故障原因分析

　　电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)绕(rao)组(zu)接地(di)(di)故障(zhang)是指绕(rao)组(zu)与(yu)铁心(xin)(xin)或机(ji)壳(qiao)(qiao)绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)损坏(huai)而造成的(de)(de)接地(di)(di)现象。绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)旦(dan)损坏(huai)后外(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)会产(chan)生危(wei)险(xian)的(de)(de)对地(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，这样直(zhi)接威胁(xie)人(ren)身安全及(ji)设备的(de)(de)稳定性。故障(zhang)产(chan)生的(de)(de)原因：绕(rao)组(zu)受潮，使绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)降；电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)长(zhang)期(qi)不(bu)用，周围环境潮湿；电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)受过(guo)雨(yu)淋(lin)、风(feng)晒；电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)机(ji)长(zhang)期(qi)过(guo)载运行；有害气体侵蚀；金属异物进入绕(rao)组(zu)内部损坏(huai)绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)；重绕(rao)定子绕(rao)组(zu)时绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)损坏(huai)碰(peng)铁心(xin)(xin)；嵌线时绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)损坏(huai)碰(peng)铁心(xin)(xin)；绕(rao)组(zu)端部碰(peng)端盖机(ji)座；定、转(zhuan)子摩擦引(yin)起(qi)绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)灼(zhuo)伤；引(yin)出线绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)损坏(huai)与(yu)壳(qiao)(qiao)体相碰(peng)；过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)（如(ru)雷电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）使绝(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)击穿(chuan)。

三、三相交流电动机易发故障处理措施

1、机械性故障处理

　当定(ding)、转子相擦时(shi),会产(chan)生刺耳(er)的(de)“嚓嚓”碰擦声，应(ying)检查轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)，损坏(huai)的(de)需更(geng)新(xin)。如果轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)未(wei)(wei)坏(huai)而发(fa)现轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)走内圈或(huo)外圈可镶套(tao)或(huo)更(geng)换轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)与端盖;电(dian)机(ji)缺(que)相运行，吼声特(te)别大(da)，可断(duan)(duan)电(dian)再合(he)闸，看是(shi)否能(neng)再正(zheng)常(chang)起动，如果不(bu)(bu)能(neng)起动,则可能(neng)有(you)一相断(duan)(duan)路。开关及接(jie)触(chu)器的(de)触(chu)头未(wei)(wei)接(jie)通也会发(fa)生缺(que)相运行；轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)严重缺(que)油(you)(you)时(shi)，从(cong)轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)室能(neng)听到“咝(si)咝(si)”声。应(ying)清洗轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng),加(jia)新(xin)油(you)(you);风(feng)叶碰壳或(huo)有(you)杂物(wu)(wu),会发(fa)出撞击(ji)声。应(ying)校正(zheng)风(feng)叶，清除(chu)风(feng)叶周围的(de)杂物(wu)(wu)。另外,如果轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)工作不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)常(chang),可凭(ping)经验用(yong)听觉及温度(du)来(lai)判断(duan)(duan),用(yong)听棒(铜棒)接(jie)触(chu)轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)盒(he)，若听到冲击(ji)声，就(jiu)表示可能(neng)有(you)一只或(huo)几只滚珠扎碎，如果听到有(you)咝(si)咝(si)声，那(nei)就(jiu)是(shi)表示轴(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)润滑(hua)油(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)足，因为(wei)电(dian)动机(ji)要每运行 3000～5000小时(shi)左(zuo)右(you)需换一次润滑(hua)脂(zhi)。

2、绕组(zu)短路故(gu)障处理(li)

　查(cha)明(ming)短(duan)路故障后(hou)(hou)，应(ying)分(fen)别(bie)根据(ju)具(ju)体情况(kuang)进(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)理。如果(guo)绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)的个别(bie)绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)线(xian)圈(quan)损(sun)(sun)坏，采用(yong)(yong)局(ju)部调换(huan)(huan)线(xian)圈(quan)。当绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)短(duan)路发(fa)生在槽(cao)内，如果(guo)线(xian)圈(quan)损(sun)(sun)坏不(bu)严(yan)重，可将该槽(cao)线(xian)圈(quan)边(bian)加(jia)热软(ruan)化后(hou)(hou)翻出受损(sun)(sun)部分(fen)，换(huan)(huan)上新的槽(cao)绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)，将线(xian)圈(quan)受损(sun)(sun)的部位(wei)用(yong)(yong)薄的绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)带包好(hao)并(bing)涂(tu)上绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)漆进(jin)行(xing)烘干，用(yong)(yong)万用(yong)(yong)表检查(cha)，证明(ming)已(yi)修(xiu)好(hao)后(hou)(hou)，再重新嵌入槽(cao)内，进(jin)行(xing)绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)处理后(hou)(hou)就可继续使用(yong)(yong)。如果(guo)线(xian)圈(quan)受损(sun)(sun)伤的部位(wei)过多(duo)，对于电(dian)动机(ji)定子绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)发(fa)生短(duan)路故障而没(mei)有及(ji)时发(fa)现整个一相的绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)烧毁或严(yan)重烧损(sun)(sun)，应(ying)将电(dian)动机(ji)绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)全(quan)部拆除，并(bing)重新绕(rao)(rao)(rao)制线(xian)圈(quan)下线(xian)修(xiu)复，或者包上新绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)(hou)的线(xian)圈(quan)边(bian)无法(fa)嵌入时，只好(hao)更换(huan)(huan)新的绕(rao)(rao)(rao)组(zu)(zu)(zu)。

3、绕组断(duan)路故障处理

　出现转子绕组断路(lu)(lu)(lu)时(shi)，要(yao)抽(chou)出转子先查出断路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)部位，一般是滑环和转子线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)交接(jie)处开(kai)焊(han)断裂所引起，重新焊(han)接(jie)后就可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。在断头焊(han)接(jie)时(shi)，如果(guo)感到断线(xian)(xian)太(tai)短(duan)，可用(yong)(yong)一根刮(gua)去绝缘(yuan)的(de)(de)铜导线(xian)(xian)作为(wei)断头添加线(xian)(xian)，直径要(yao)与断线(xian)(xian)相仿或稍细(xi)为(wei)原则，密绕成螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)并稍拉开(kai)如弹簧(huang)一样的(de)(de)形状，便于焊(han)接(jie)牢固。将(jiang)断线(xian)(xian)两端刮(gua)去绝缘(yuan)，选长的(de)(de)一端套上一段比螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)外径稍粗的(de)(de)绝缘(yuan)套管(guan)，再把断线(xian)(xian)两端和上面进行焊(han)接(jie)，直到螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)空隙内充满焊(han)锡即(ji)可，然后将(jiang)绝缘(yuan)套管(guan)套上。如果(guo)是线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)内部一般使(shi)用(yong)(yong)断条侦(zhen)察器等专(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)设(she)备来确定断路(lu)(lu)(lu)部位。如断路(lu)(lu)(lu)处发生(sheng)在端部，只要(yao)将(jiang)绕组适当(dang)软化后焊(han)接(jie)并包(bao)扎绝缘(yuan)即(ji)可。

4、绕组接地(di)故障处理

　电(dian)动机(ji)一(yi)定要(yao)有安全接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)，如果(guo)(guo)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)点在(zai)端(duan)部(bu)(bu)槽(cao)口附(fu)近的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)，而且(qie)没有严重(zhong)烧伤时只(zhi)要(yao)在(zai)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)处的(de)(de)导线和(he)铁芯之间插入相(xiang)应绝(jue)缘材料(liao)后(hou)，涂刷(shua)绝(jue)缘漆就可以了；如果(guo)(guo)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)点在(zai)槽(cao)口里面，大多(duo)需要(yao)更换绕(rao)(rao)组进行修理；如果(guo)(guo)发现整个绕(rao)(rao)组受潮，就要(yao)把整个绕(rao)(rao)组预烘，先把绕(rao)(rao)组清洗干(gan)净，然后(hou)浇上绝(jue)缘漆并烘干(gan)，直到(dao)绕(rao)(rao)组对地(di)(di)(di)绝(jue)缘电(dian)阻超(chao)过(guo) 0.5M Ω为止；如果(guo)(guo)定子绕(rao)(rao)组严重(zhong)受潮，绕(rao)(rao)组绝(jue)缘大部(bu)(bu)分因(yin)老(lao)化焦脆(cui)而脱落，接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)点较(jiao)多(duo)，可根据情(qing)况(kuang)更换新的(de)(de)绕(rao)(rao)组。